QUESTIONS
for examination in general surgery and semiology (2016-2017 years)

*Antisepsis
1. Antisepsis: definition, history, classification.
2. Physical antisepsis: description, basic methods.
3. Mechanical antisepsis: description, basic methods.
4. Chemical antisepsis: description, main groups of medications. Antiseptics and
disinfectants.
5. Biological antisepsis: description, main types.
6. Antibiotics: groups, complications of administration. Principles of rational antibiotic
treatment.

*Asepsis
7. Surgical site infection: definition, classification, bacteriology. Antibiotic prophylaxis:
indications, drug selection and rules of administration.
8. Asepsis: deiinition, objectives, history. Sources and ways of spreading of sufgical
infection.
9. Pfevention of airborne infection in surgery. Nosocomial infection.
10. Prevention of contact infection in surgery. Preparing of surgical instruments for
sterilization. lvlethods of sterilization of surgical instruments. l\4ethods of
sterilization of surgical drapes and bandages.
11. Prevention of contact infection in surgery. l\,4ethods of sterility control ofsurgical
drapes, bandages and instfuments.
12. Methods of surgeon's hands decontamination priorto surgical intervention: classic
and novel methods. Decontamination of operating field.
13. Prevention of contamination byimplantation of jnfected materials. Types of sutures
and methods of sterilization.
14. Locat anesthesia: concept,.Xthetics: mechanism of action,
classification.
Indications and contraindications for local anesthesia. lnfiltration anesthesia
Vishnevsky: indications, technique. Novocain blockages.
Epidural and spinal anesthesia: indications and contraindications, technique,
and complications.

*Semiology of hemorrhages
-Hemorrhage: definition, clinical importance. 
-Classifications of bleeding: anatomical,by mechanism of occurrence, by site of bleeding.
-Hemorrhage: definition, clinical importance.
- Classifications of bleeding: by time of
-development, by evolution (intensity), by severity of blood loss.
-Physiological mechanisms of compensation in hemorrhage.
-Pathological mechanisms of de compensation in hemorrhage.
-. Semiology of external bleeding and internal intratisular bleeding. Diagnostic
methods and laboratory tests.
-. Semiology of internal intraluminal bleeding. Diagnostic methods and laboratory
tests.
-. Semiology of internal intracavitary bleeding. Diagnostic methods and laboratory
tests.
-. Estimation of blood loss volume: by Allgdwer shock index, by red blood cells count,
by gravimetric method, by Gross formula.
Hemostasis
-. Blood coagulation (spontaneous hemostasis): definition, main phases and
pathways of fibrin clot formation. l\.4echan jsms of local coagulation limitation.
-. Synd rome of disseminated intravascula r coagulation: etiology and pathogenesis,
semiology, laboratory diagnosis. principles of treatment.
-. Methods of temporary surgical hemostasis. Rules of hemostatic tourniquet
aDolication.
-. Mechanical, physical, chemical and biological methods of definitive surgical
hemostasis.

*Blood groups and blood transfusion
29. Blood antigen systems and its role in blood transfusion. Blood groups
characteristic. Rh blood group system.
30. Blood agglutination. Types of agglutination. l\ilethods for determination of blood
groups. Determination of Rh factor.
31. Indications and contraindications for blood transfusion. Indirect and direct methods
of blood transfusion, autotransfusion. Measures to reduce the number of blood
transfusions.
32. Blood components and plasma derivatives: indications, methods of administration.
33. Blood substitutes: definition, classification, idications for administration,
mechanisms ofaction.
34. Consequence ofphysicians' action during blood transfusion. Transfusion report.
35. Posttransfusion reactions and posttransfusion complications: definition,
classifications, symptomatology.
36. Hemol).tic (transfusion) shock: periods, semiology, treatment and prophylaxis.
37. TRALI (Transfusion Related Acute Lung Injury) syndrome. Mechanicalnd
infectious complications of blood transfusion

*Surgical intervention
38. Surgical intervention: definition, classification. Basic steps of surgical intervention.
Protocol of surgical intervention
39. Preoperative period. Surgical risk. Preparing of patient for surgery. Preoperative
concluston.
40. Postoperative management ofsu rg ical patient. Complications of postoperative
penod.

*Surgical instruments. Sutures and knots
41. Surgical instruments: general concept, requirements and classification.
Requirements and types of operating room table and surgical light.
42. Suture materials: brief historyand requirements. Classifications of suture materials
by structure and source from which they are produced.
Semiology of nutritional disturbances
43. Semiology of nutritional disturbances and its importance in surgery.
Anthropomethricsn assessment of surgical patient's nutritional status.
44. Enteral feeding; indications, methods and protocols, feeding products,
complications.
45. Parenteral nutrition: indications, types and complications.
46. N,4orbid obesity: definition, classification. Problem of obesity in surgery.

*Semiology and treatment of wounds
47. Wounds: definition, local symptoms and its description.
48. Classificationf wounds. Features of gunshot wounds.
49. Wound healing process: definition, phases. Pathological and clinical description of
phases.
50. Types of wound healing. Structure and function of granulation tissue.
51. First aid in case of wound. Complications of wounds and wound's healing. Topical
medication and general treatment of purulent wounds in the different phases of
wound healing.
52. Surgical treatment of contaminated and purulent wounds. Primary surgical
processing of wound. Additional physical methods of purulent wounds' cleaning.
53. Primary, primary deferred, early secondary and late secondary sutures for wound
closure. Skin grafting.

*Surgical infection
54. Concept of surgical infection. Classificationfsurgical infection by etiology, clinical
evolution and location.
55. Pathogenesis of surgical infection: pathogenic germs and source of infection,
specific and nonspecific reactions of organism. Factors that diminish protective
reacttons.
56. Semiology of surgical infection: local and general symptoms. Physical and
instrumental methods for diagnosis of pus accumulation.
57. Principles of local and general treatment in case of purulent surgical infection of
soft tissue.
58. Furuncle and carbuncle: defjnitjon, symptoms and treatment. Cavernous sinus
thrombosis.
59. Abscess and phlegmon: definition, symptoms. Principles of su rg ical treatment.
60. Paraproctitis: definition, classification, sympioms and treatment. Pilonidal abscess:
definition, symptoms and treatment.
61. Erysipelas: definition, clinical forms, symptoms and treatment. Erysipeloid.
62. Hydradenitis, lymphangitjs, lymphadenitis, adenophlegmon; definition, symptoms
and treatment.

*Felon and phlegmon of hand
63. Felon: definition, classification, symptomatology, general principles of surgical
treatment.
64. Cutaneous felon, subcutaneous felon and paronychia: definition, symptoms and
treatment.
65. Purulent tenosynovitis, osseous felon, articular felon and pandactylitis: deiinition,
symptoms and treatment. Classic signs of Kanavel.
66. Phlegmon of hand: definition, classification, symptoms and treatment.

*Semiology of traumatic injuries and inflammatory conditions of bones and joints
67. Fracture: definition, class;fication. First aid in case offracture. Methods of splinting.
General orincioles of treatment.
68. Semiology of limb fractures. Absolute and relative symptoms of fracture. X-ray
signs of fracture.
69. Dislocation: definition, classification, semiology. X-ray signs of dislocation.
70. Osteomyelitis: definition, classificat;on, ways of contamination, pathogenesis.
71 . Acute haematogenous oteomyelitis: clinical forms, symptoms, X-ray signs,
Drincioles oftreatment.
72. Chronic osteomyelitis: definition, causes, symptoms, X-ray signs and principles of
treatment.
73. Acute purulent arthritis: definition, classification, symptoms and principles of
treatment. Acute purulent bursitis.

*Anaerobic infection and sepsis
74. Sepsis: definition, classification, systemic inflammatory response syndrome
(srRS).
75. Pathophysiology of surgical sepsis. C!'tokines and their role in pathogenesis of
sepsis.
76. Clinical signs, diagnosis, local and general treatment of surgical sepsis.
77. Anaerobic closhidial infection of soft tissues (gas gangrene): characteristics of
microorganisms, conditjons for infection development, classification according to
origin and clinical features.
78. Pathophysiology of anaerobic clostridial infection of soft tissues (gas gangrene).
79. Clinical signs, diagnosis, medical and sufgical treatment of anaerobiclostridial
infection of soft tissues (gas gangrene).
80. Anaerobic non-clostridial surgical infection: causative organisms, clinical
manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment.
81. Surgical aspects of tetanus: causative microorganism and source of infection.
Pathophysiology and classificationf tetanus.
82. Clinical features of neonatal, cephalic, local, and generalized tetanus. Role of
surgical treatment, principles of medical care and prevention of tetanus.

*Introduction in semiology. Semiology of neck
83. Phases of diagnostic process. Concepts of symptom, syndrome and semiology.
Particularities of surgical history of djsease.
84. Surgical semiology of thyroid gland.

*Semiology of thorax and breast
85. Semiology of congenital and acquiredeformities of thorax.
86. Semiology of thoracic spinal column deformities.
87. General semiology of breast. Methods of inspection and palpation of mammary
gland. Semiology of congenital breast anomalies.
88. Palpatory characteristics of breast mass. Method of palpation of regional lymph
nodes.
89. Semiology of breast cancer. Male breast cancer.
90. Semjology of benign breast diseases. Mastopathy. Gynecomastia.
91. N/astitis: definition, classification, symptoms, prophylaxis and treatment.

*Semiology of acute abdomen
92. Acute abdomen: concept, groups of diseases.
93. Patient complaints and history in case of acute abdomen. Inspection of patient with
acute abdomen.
94. Technique of abdomen palpation in case of acute abdomen: main symptoms.
Percussion and auscultation in case of acute abdomen.
95. Semiology of acute inflammatory diseases of abdominal organs. lnstrumental
diagnosis.
96. Semiology of hollow viscus perforation into abdominal cavity. Instrumental
diagnosis.
97. Semiology of acute intestinal obstruction. Instrumental diagnosis.

*Semiology of trauma
98. Trauma: concept, classification. Definition of isolated, multiple, associated and
combined trauma.
99. General semiology of head injury. General and focal signs, Glasgow Coma Scale.

*Primary and secondary brain injury. Semiology of specialtypes of head trauma.
100. Semiology of chest injury: rib and sternum fractures.
101. Semiology of pleural injury: pneumothorax, hemothorax.
102. Semiology of medjastinal jnjuries: tracheobronchial injuries, traumatic diaphragmatic hernia, esophageal injury.
103. Semiology of mediastinal injuries: cardiac tamponade, traumatic aortic rupture.
104. Abdominal trauma: classification, main clinical syndromes.

*Semiology of peripheral blood vessels
105. Semiology of acute arterial insufficiency (acute ischemia) of extremities.
106. Semiology of chronic arterial insufficiency (chronic ischemia) of extremities. '107. Semiology of chronic venous insufficiency of lower limbs. '108. Semiology of deep vein thrombosis.

*Necrosis and gangrene
109. Necrosis: concept, classification. Semiology of dry and damp gangrene.
Treatment.
1 10. Trophic ulcer: concept, causes. Semiology of ischemic, venous and neuropathic
ulcers.
111. Fistulas: definition, classification, semiology, principles of diagnosis and treatment.

*Diabetic foot
112. Definition oi diabetic foot syndrome. Epidemiology. [,,Iedical and public importance
of diabetic foot.
1 13. Pathogenesis of diabetic foot. Pathophysiology and forms of disease. Factors
which contribute to septic comDlicaiions of diabetic foot.
1'14. Wagner and another classifications of diabetic foot syndrome.
1 15. Principles of physical examination ofa patient with diabetic foot. Role of
instrumental studies and laboratory tests.
116. Differential diagnosis between the ischemic and neuropathic form of diabetic foot
syndrome.
117. Diagnosis of diabetic foot infection: symptoms, tests, laboratory, lmaging.
Principles of treatment.
118. Principles oftreatment of ischemic and neuropathic diabetic foot. The ways for
prevention of diabetic foot syndrome.

*Transplantology
1 19. Transplantology: definition, history, common terminology. The concept of autograft,
singraft, allograft, and xenograft. Definition of orthotopic and heterotopic
transplantation. Prosthetics and replantation.
120. Transplant rejection. Prevention and treatment of transplant rejection.
lmmunosuppressive thrapy.